leadership in nursing essay sample

June 1, 2024 . By Kepher

Nursing Leadership Essay: Engaging Examples and Tips for Powerful Essays

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The world of nursing is a complex and demanding one. Beyond the technical skills required to care for patients, successful nurses possess a unique blend of compassion, resilience, and leadership qualities. These qualities become even more crucial as nurses ascend the ranks and take on leadership roles. Writing a nursing leadership essay is a valuable exercise that allows you to reflect on your own leadership journey and articulate your vision for the future.

This essay delves into the intricacies of crafting a compelling nursing leadership essay by providing insightful examples and practical tips. From understanding the core elements to crafting an engaging narrative, this guide will give you the tools to showcase your leadership potential and stand out in the competitive field of nursing.

Understanding the Essence: Core Elements of a Nursing Leadership Essay

A successful nursing leadership essay goes beyond merely outlining leadership skills. It dives deep into your personal experiences, showcasing how you embody specific leadership qualities and how these qualities translate into tangible impact. The foundation of a compelling essay rests on the following core elements:

1. Defining Your Leadership Style:

Every leader possesses a unique approach. Identifying your leadership style is crucial for a compelling nursing leadership essay. Are you a transformational leader who inspires change and fosters a vision? Or perhaps a servant leader who prioritizes the needs of others and empowers team members?

• “My leadership style is rooted in collaboration and empathy. I believe in fostering a sense of shared purpose among my team members, empowering them to take ownership of their roles and contribute to a positive patient experience.”

2. Illustrating Your Leadership Journey:

This section is where you bring your leadership experiences to life. Choose impactful scenarios that demonstrate your abilities. Use the STAR method (Situation, Task, Action, Result) to narrate these experiences effectively.

• Situation: “During a challenging shift with a surge in patient admissions, I noticed a sense of overwhelm among the staff.”
• Task: “I took the initiative to assess the situation and prioritize urgent tasks.”
• Action: “I delegated tasks strategically, ensuring efficient use of resources and maintaining patient safety.”
• Result: “Through effective communication and delegation, we were able to manage the influx of patients effectively, minimizing stress on the team and ensuring high-quality care.”

3. Demonstrating Impact:

Leadership is not just about skills; it’s about making a difference. Connect your leadership experiences to tangible outcomes.

• “By implementing a new protocol for patient education, I witnessed a significant increase in patient satisfaction scores and improved adherence to treatment plans.”

4. Reflecting on Your Growth:

Highlight your commitment to continuous learning and professional development. Mention specific courses, certifications, or mentorship experiences that have honed your leadership skills.

• “I am currently pursuing a Master’s degree in Nursing Administration to expand my knowledge base and develop advanced leadership skills.”

Crafting a Winning Narrative: Tips for a Standout Nursing Leadership Essay

Now that you understand the key elements, it’s time to craft a captivating narrative that showcases your leadership potential. Here are some valuable tips:

1. Start Strong with a Hook:

Grab the reader’s attention right from the start. Use a compelling anecdote, a thought-provoking question, or a powerful statement that sets the stage for your essay.

• “The call to nursing is not just about dispensing medication or monitoring vital signs; it’s about providing unwavering support and compassion to those in their most vulnerable moments.”

2. Weave a Consistent Theme:

Ensure your chosen examples and reflections all tie back to the central theme of your nursing leadership essay. A cohesive narrative will leave a lasting impression on the reader.

3. Stay Concise and Focused:

Avoid unnecessary details or tangents. Every sentence should contribute to your overall message.

4. Use Vivid Language:

Engage the reader with descriptive language that brings your experiences to life. Show, don’t tell, by using evocative imagery and specific examples.

5. Edit and Proofread Rigorously:

A well-written essay free from grammatical errors and typos demonstrates professionalism and attention to detail.

6. Seek Feedback from Mentors:

Before submitting your essay, ask trusted mentors or professors to review your work and offer constructive feedback.

Nursing Leadership Essay Examples: Inspiration from Leaders

To further inspire your own writing, here are some examples of how different leadership styles and experiences can be effectively conveyed in a nursing leadership essay:

Example 1: The Transformational Leader

• Theme: Empowering a team to achieve a shared vision.
• Experience: Implementing a new patient care model that prioritized patient-centered care and increased staff satisfaction.
• Impact: Improved patient outcomes and reduced staff burnout.

Example 2: The Servant Leader

• Theme: Prioritizing the needs of others and fostering a collaborative environment.
• Experience: Mentoring a new nurse during a challenging patient care situation.
• Impact: Enhanced the new nurse’s confidence and contributed to positive patient outcomes.

Example 3: The Visionary Leader

• Theme: Identifying future trends and implementing innovative solutions.
• Experience: Researching and implementing a new technology that streamlined patient care and improved efficiency.
• Impact: Enhanced patient safety and improved staff workflow.

Reputable academic writing websites like Nursing Papers provide well-articulated scholarly article samples that you can also refer to for more inspiration. The platform offers nursing essays, research papers and case studies that can be quite resourceful in writing your own papers.

Common Mistakes in Writing Nursing Leadership Essays

Writing a compelling nursing leadership essay can be challenging. It requires a strong understanding of leadership principles, clear communication, and a focused narrative. Here are some common mistakes to avoid:

• Lack of a Clear Thesis Statement: A strong nursing leadership essay needs a clear and concise thesis statement that outlines the main argument. Avoid vague or generic statements and be specific about your leadership philosophy and its implications.
• Focusing Solely on Personal Experiences: While personal experiences can be valuable, relying solely on anecdotes without theoretical backing weakens the essay. Your nursing leadership essay should demonstrate your understanding of leadership theories and principles, using your experiences as illustrative examples.
• Ignoring the Audience: Remember your nursing leadership essay is for a specific audience, often an admissions committee. Tailor your language and content to address their expectations and the specific requirements of the essay prompt.
• Failing to Proofread Carefully: Typos, grammatical errors, and unclear writing can undermine the credibility of your nursing leadership essay. Take the time to proofread carefully and consider having a trusted friend or colleague review your work.
• Not Demonstrating Impact: A strong nursing leadership essay goes beyond simply describing leadership skills; it demonstrates how these skills have positively impacted others and contributed to the nursing profession.

By avoiding these common mistakes, you can craft a compelling nursing leadership essay that highlights your leadership potential and showcases your passion for the nursing profession. Remember, clarity, focus, and impactful storytelling are key to making your nursing leadership essay stand out.

Types of Nursing Leadership Essays

Nursing is a profession that demands strong leadership skills. From guiding patients and their families through challenging health journeys to leading teams of healthcare professionals, nurses are constantly demonstrating leadership in various ways. This diverse nature of nursing leadership lends itself to many types of essays, allowing students and professionals to explore different aspects of the field. Here are some common types of nursing leadership essays:

1. Personal Leadership Philosophy: These essays delve into an individual’s personal values, beliefs, and approaches to leadership. They often discuss the core principles that guide their actions and decision-making as a nurse leader.

2. Case Study Analysis: These essays involve analyzing a specific situation or case study related to nursing leadership. They can focus on a particular leadership challenge, a successful leadership initiative, or an ethical dilemma encountered by a nurse leader.

3. Leadership Theory Application: These essays explore how different leadership theories and models can be applied in real-world nursing practice. Students might analyze the strengths and weaknesses of various approaches and discuss their preferred leadership style based on specific contexts.

4. Transformational Leadership in Nursing: This type of essay focuses on the importance of transformational leadership in fostering positive change within the healthcare system. It might delve into strategies for motivating staff, promoting innovation, and improving patient care.

5. Ethical Dilemmas and Leadership: These essays examine ethical challenges faced by nurse leaders and explore how they can be addressed. They might discuss navigating conflict of interest, advocating for patient rights, or promoting ethical decision-making within a healthcare team.

6. Future of Nursing Leadership: This type of essay explores the evolving landscape of nursing leadership. It might discuss emerging trends, challenges, and opportunities for nurse leaders in the future. It can also consider the impact of technological advancements and changing healthcare systems on leadership practices.

7. The Role of Nurses in Advocacy: This essay explores how nurses can advocate for their patients, their profession, and the healthcare system as a whole. It highlights the importance of nurse leaders in advocating for policy changes, resource allocation, and improved patient outcomes.

These are just a few examples of the many types of nursing leadership essays that can be explored. Each type offers a unique opportunity to engage in critical thinking, reflection, and analysis of leadership principles in the context of nursing practice.

By exploring different aspects of nursing leadership essays, students and professionals can deepen their understanding of leadership concepts, hone their writing skills, and contribute valuable insights to the field. Regardless of the specific type, nursing leadership essays play a critical role in advancing the profession and fostering a more effective and compassionate healthcare system.

An engaging nursing leadership essay is a powerful tool for showcasing your commitment to professional development and your vision for the future of nursing. By understanding the core elements, crafting a compelling narrative, and seeking feedback, you can create an essay that leaves a lasting impression and helps you advance on your path to nursing leadership.

Remember, the essence of leadership lies in serving others and making a positive impact. Through your essay, let your passion for nursing shine through, demonstrating your ability to inspire, guide, and lead with compassion and integrity.

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Leadership: the Art of Inspiring and Guiding Towards Success

This essay will discuss the concept and significance of leadership in nursing. It will explore the qualities and skills that make an effective nurse leader, such as communication, empathy, and decision-making. The piece will also examine the challenges nurse leaders face and the impact of good leadership on patient care, team dynamics, and healthcare systems. It will consider the evolving role of nurses in leadership positions within the healthcare sector. Moreover, at PapersOwl, there are additional free essay samples connected to Health Care.

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Great leaders light fires in others' souls, helping dreams take wing through inspiration's touch. A true leader is someone who can manage both success and failure with compassion and understanding. Instead of blaming team members when things go wrong, an effective leader analyzes the situation, identifies what went wrong, and devises a plan to move forward. Moreover, a leader possesses a vision and the ability to communicate it in a manner that motivates team members to work cohesively towards a common goal. Need a custom essay on the same topic? Give us your paper requirements, choose a writer and we’ll deliver the highest-quality essay! Order now

Fair leadership skills are pivotal in leading a team towards success and happiness. After all, it's not just the destination that matters but the journey as well. A positive work environment under good leadership helps retain team employees, fostering a sense of belonging and purpose. One exemplary leader who embodies these principles is Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, the eleventh President of India. A renowned politician, teacher, space scientist, and humble individual, Dr. Kalam was the first scientist to hold the presidential office in India. He received numerous accolades, including the Padma Bhushan (1981), Padma Vibhushan (1990), and Bharat Ratna (1997). His insatiable curiosity and passion for soaring high in the skies inspired millions to dream big. A critical quality of a leader is their ability to inspire others to pursue their dreams rather than imposing their own dreams upon them.

Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam exemplified this by encouraging people to follow their visions and transform them into actions. He emphasized the importance of having a clear vision, maintaining transparency, fostering creativity, acquiring knowledge, and upholding integrity. His positive thinking, passion for work, integrity, hard work, determination, accountability, punctuality, and creativity are qualities I deeply admire. Transparency in his approach towards team members was a hallmark of his leadership. He listened to his colleagues before making decisions, showing humility and respect for their viewpoints—an essential trait for effective leadership. He led from behind, allowing others to shine in times of success.

During failures, Dr. Kalam took a frontline approach, owning responsibility for his actions and appreciating his team members' efforts. As an aspiring leader, I resonate with this philosophy of leading from behind. Leadership is not about dictating instructions but encouraging teamwork, listening to diverse viewpoints, analyzing situations, and assigning tasks based on team members' strengths and weaknesses. Understanding your team is crucial for success.

Accountability and compassion are vital leadership traits. As a nurse, taking responsibility for one's actions is paramount, as it directly impacts patient safety and quality of life. Compassion, kindness, and humanity are essential in every profession, including nursing. At the end of the day, what truly matters is how patients perceive the care they receive. Effective communication is another crucial leadership quality. The way one communicates can significantly impact others, either building or damaging relationships.

In the nursing profession, interaction with other nurses, doctors, social workers, patients, and their families is frequent. Good communication skills can enhance the workplace environment and boost patient satisfaction. I also value integrity, honesty, and passion for my work. I adhere to the same rules and regulations I expect from others. The workplace environment profoundly affects our psychological well-being. A leader with emotional intelligence and a positive attitude can create a happy and productive environment. When team members feel valued, trust and a solid foundation are established. I approach my clinical duties with a positive mindset, encouraging and learning from my colleagues, and appreciating their hard work. Empathy is crucial because understanding others' viewpoints without judgment fosters a supportive environment.

Although I have not yet attained a leadership status, I believe that every journey takes time. I take responsibility for my actions, analyze situations thoroughly before arriving at any decisions, and firmly believe that I can become a leader. Every journey has its ups and downs, and a leader or team must navigate challenges along the way. Instead of focusing on blame or criticism, I adopt a mindset that seeks to improve situations. As a leader, I will respect my team members, strive for safe and quality care through effective teamwork and collaboration, and respect time by being productive at work. A team's success depends not only on hard work but also on the relationships among team members. A toxic work environment and lack of communication can lead to errors.

In my view, a favorable workplace is one where every team member feels respected and appreciated. I will always express gratitude to my team members and never consider anyone superior or inferior. I am eager to share my knowledge and learn from my team. Being self-aware and thoughtful in actions is crucial. I will lead with an open mindset, knowing that people, situations, and things change over time. As a team member, I expect openness and transparency in work matters.

Coordination is essential to achieving goals or completing tasks. Team members should have a working agreement, and I expect everyone to take responsibility for their actions. Sensitivity and consideration for others are vital. Leading a team means bringing out the best in people, even during difficult times. I encourage honesty and flexibility and will give my team members the freedom to explore new ideas and creativity. Creating a relaxed and positive work environment is my goal. My personal philosophy is that a great leader believes in a shared vision, empowers others to act, and encourages everyone around them. As a leader, I will aim to open lines of communication and build trust to achieve the highest level of teamwork.

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Home — Essay Samples — Life — Nurse — Importance of Leadership in Nursing: Styles and Impact

Importance of Leadership in Nursing: Styles and Impact

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Published: Sep 12, 2023

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Leadership styles in nursing, adapting leadership styles, impact of effective nurse leadership, elevating nursing values.

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Essay: Leadership in Adult Nursing (reflective)

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• Subject area(s): Health essays Nursing essays
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• Published: 11 June 2021*
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Introduction Leadership is a process which involves individual activity to state desire objective and vision in a situation, providing support and motivating other people to attend set goals (Swearingen, 2009). Danae et al. (2017) believe that leadership is broadly recognised as a key aspect of overall effective healthcare. Therefore, nurses require strong leadership skills to accomplish various tasks to improve care quality. In this assignment, I will cross reference six experts (see appendices) from my professional development portfolio related to the four domains of standards of competence for preregistration nursing (NMC, 2010). Additionally, I will address each domain using Rolfe, Freshwater and Jasper (2001) reflection model, which is composed of three stages ‘what’, ‘so what’, and ‘now what’. This model is suitable to link practical experiences with theory, it helps to improve clinical practice and identify further learning opportunities; which will be addressed by formulating a S.M.A.R.T action plan (Doran, 1981). Domaine 1: Professional values What? Appendix 1 shows aspects of the professional values that I need to address. It contains mentor’s comment about patient advocacy skill. During my Nursing Practice 5 (NP5), I looked after a 56-year-old disabled woman with Spina Bifida who was alert and orientated, unable to move on her own, but, had clearly expressed her need to be moved every two hours to avoid another pressure ulcer as she had one before. This was not respected by health care assistant taking for excuses “the ward is very busy, she is not the only patient”. I regret I didn’t advocate for her. Furthermore, appendix 2, which is the leadership framework self-assessment tool demonstrates aspects of personal quality that I need to review. These are related to the (NMC, 2010) instructing nurses to take all reasonable steps to protect people who are vulnerable or at risk from harm, neglect or abuse. So what? Professionalism means practice through the application of the Code (NMC, 2017). In the UK, nurses must act as advocates for their patients, challenge poor practice and discriminatory attitudes and behaviour relating to the care of vulnerable people, (NMC, 2015). This is supported by the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) stating that speaking on behalf of another is an integral part of the nurse’s role (RCN, 2008). Moreover, The International Council of Nurses emphasises the need for nurses to respect the rights, values, customs and beliefs of individuals and families, and to advocate for equity and social justice in resource allocation and in access to health (ICN, 2012). Such endeavours are central, as illness nearly always increase levels of patient vulnerability and dependence (Marquis and Huston 2012). Emphasizing the fact that nurses should influence the way care is given in a manner that is open and responds to individual needs (RCN, 2015). Unfortunately, there have been cases where nurses have failed to provide fundamental care to patients. The report into the failing at the Mid Staffordshire Hospital identified poor leadership coupled with clinical staff accepting standards of care that should not have been tolerated (Ellis and Bach, 2015). More recently, Care Quality Commission (CQC) has issued a Warning Notice requiring some trusts to improve safety, patient consent and overall leadership (CQC, 2017). This accentuates the role of leadership in prioritising patient safety and in listening to and learning from patients (storey and Holti, 2013 ). Stressing the need for nurse leaders to be self-aware and recognise how their own values and principles may affect their practice (NMC, 2010). Leaders encourage teamwork by appreciating individuals’ contributions and ideas; this creates needed behaviour, such as shared respect, compassionate care, attention to detail, between team members (NHS Leadership Academy, 2013), and create a motivating work environment (Adair, 2002). Therefore, the quality of leadership has a direct impact on the quality of service provided at all levels. The leader’s obligation is to create an environment in which good people can provide good care (Engard, 2017). Pointing out personal attributes of nurses that help to enable advocacy like flexibility, empathy, self-motivation, professional commitment, sense of responsibility, and the ability to cope with stress (Choi, 2015). Reflecting on the above scenario, transformational and transactional leadership can both play a role in the negotiation of a win-win situation. Transformational leadership is defined as a leadership approach that causes changes in individuals and social systems. It is about having a vision of how things should or could be and being able to communicate this idea effectively to others (Ellis and Bach, 2015). Whereas transactional leadership is based on contingent rewards and can have a positive effect on followers’ satisfaction and performance (Tomlinson, 2012). Transformational leadership plays a more critical role in the present scenario. it can motivate and inspire healthcare assistant and have a more significant impact to change both their thinking and behaviour Jie-HuiXu (2017), thus, allowing them to reach their potential and deliver sustainable changes to care. Now what? Now I should strive on developing and sustaining my engagement in patient advocacy by the end of NP7. In my Ongoing Achievement Record document, I will work with my mentor to complete competency 1.2. called: Understand and apply current legislation to all service users, paying special attention to the protection of vulnerable people, including those with complex needs. I will actively seek mentor, patients, family and others health professionals’ feedback and reflect on when I have been involved in patient advocacy during placement and review this with my mentor at mid- and end-point review. Domain 2: Communication and Interpersonal Skill What? Communication and interpersonal skill are vital parts of collaborative working (NMC, 2010). I reflect on communication using Situation, Background, Assessment and Recommendation (SBAR) mentioned in appendix 3, which is a reflective writing during placement 5. In a surgical ward, during routine observation of a patient who had undergone a cystectomy, I noticed that the patient was spiking in temperature (38.5) although NEWS score was 1, I immediately informed my mentor who directed me to blip the doctor in charge of his care. While communicating with him I was unable to give a clear response to questions about the patient’s condition. Even though he reassessed my patient immediately, I regret I didn’t use SBAR tool, because it could have helped to communicate clearly and prevent any potential delays. Appendix 1 in the section ‘working with others’ further shows that I need to improve my interpersonal skills. These relate to part of the NMC (2010) stating: nurses must use a range of communication skills and technologies to support person-centred care and enhance quality and safety. So what? Bach and Grant (2010) state that good communication and interpersonal skills are essential characteristics of high-quality nursing practice. The NMC (2010) also said that all nurses must use the full range of communication methods, including verbal, nonverbal and written, to acquire, interpret and record their knowledge and understanding of people’s needs. Emphasizing the use of communication tools like SBAR. SBAR is a tangible approach to framing conversations, especially critical ones that require a nurse’s instant attention and action. It promotes the provision of safe, efficient, timely, and patient-centred communication (Chaboyer et al., 2010; Day, 2010). Moreover, SBAR can be used for multiple forms of communication. It can be a change-of-shift report (Pope et al., 2008; Thomas et al., 2009), or can be applied to written communication (Perry, 2014). In addition, SBAR helps nursing students and recent graduate nurses organize their thoughts prior to calling physicians, to save time, reduce frustration, and improve overall communication (Pope et al., 2008). Furthermore, the use of SBAR communication tool temporarily flattens the hierarchy perceived in most healthcare settings, resulting in more effective channels of communication between healthcare providers (De Meester, Verspuy, Monsieurs, & Van Bogaert, 2013). According to Hackman and Johnson (2013), leadership is first, and foremost, a communication-based activity. Depending on the circumstances, a leader should try to be more authoritarian, democratic or laissez-faire (Mitchell, 2012); or should focus the communication on the tasks or use a more interpersonal style (Hackman and Johnson 2013). Reflecting on the scenario related to this domain, an assertive, clear and focus communication using SBAR format would have provided a brief, organized, predictable flow of information improving critical thinking communication skills and patient safety (Olin, 2012). It can be argued that it is hard to serve as an effective leader without effective communication (Hackman and Johnson 2013). This is agreed by Perry et al (2014) stating that effective commutation is a central attribute of clinical leadership. Clinical leaders can influence their colleagues with effective communication skill such as good listening skill and extremely good at explaining things at the right level that can be understood by followers. However, it is important to note that each clinical leader has a preferred style of communication that would not necessary works every time. Hackman and Johnson (2013) recommend choosing a leadership communication style that will work best according to the situation and the level of knowledge of followers. Now what? During next placement (NP7), I will strive to change communicating SBAR in a more professional, concise, clear, in a timely manner when communicating with the multidisciplinary team to improve patient outcome. I will actively seek feedback from my mentor and other professionals at mid- and end-point reviews. I will also change my preferred communication style from passive aggressive to an assertive communication style. For that, I will use the communication style questionnaire at the beginning then altered my behaviour during the first part of the placement, then repeat the questionnaire at mid-point and ask for feedback to my mentor base on the comparison on two questionnaire results and base on her observation. And repeat this again by end-point. Domain 3: Nursing Practice and Decision Making What? Here I reflect on nursing practice and decision making, see appendix 4, which is an end-point mentor comment during NP3 showing that improvement is needed in this domain. This is underpinned by appendix 5: a reflection done at the beginning of NP6 when I looked after a patient with hypoxic brain damaged who had a seizure. On my entry into his room, I found the patient unconscious, I took the decision to clear his airway before pressing the emergency bell which could have jeopardised patient safety. This is related to the NMC (2010) stating that nurses must be able to recognise and interpret signs of normal and deteriorating mental and physical health and respond promptly to maintain or improve the health and comfort of the service user. My behaviour pointed out the need to enhance my skill and knowledge in this domain. So what? Judgement and decision-making are important facets of healthcare for nurses (Traynor et al., 2010). Judgement is defined as weighing up different alternatives; while decision-making involves choosing a specific course of action to follow between alternatives (Lamb and Sevdalis, 2011). Hence, (Undre et al., 2009) define efficacious judgement and decision-making as skills that go beyond clinical knowledge and technical competence, highlighting the fact that nursing judgement and decision-making contribute significantly to the safety and quality of patient care (Traynor et al., 2010). However, several studies have high-pointed that when given the same information, and undertaking the same decisions, nurses will make consistently different judgements and decisions (Thompson et al., 2008; Thompson and Yang, 2009). Differing judgement and decision indicate different types of reasoning, in situations where time is not constrained, newly qualified nurses will make structured judgments with a rational-analytical decision. For those situations where time is limited, information is perceptual, and the nurse has some perceived expertise, it is appropriate to use intuition as the basis for judgement (Hammond et al., 1987). Thompson et al (2008) suggest that the key to successful reasoning is to adapt reasoning to the demands of the task. However, such adaptive reasoning by nurses is sometimes absent. Thus, good decisions and judgements are not independent to the cognitive process but can be influenced by how information is prioritised and the nurse’s ability to identify and respond to vital aspects of the clinical situation (Pearson, 2013). Thompson et al (2013) state that recent studies have shown positive benefits associated with the introduction of Computerised Decision Support Systems (CDSS) to support nursing decisions. Hence, helping to promote patient’s safety and improve their outcome. Reflecting on the scenario related to this domain, future decisions making process, whether they are based on normative, prescriptive or descriptive theory must include clinical expertise, patient value and best available research evidence (Sackett, 1996). because evidence by itself, does not make the decision, but it can help support the patient care process. In the same order, Marquis and Huston (2015) suggest that to be effective as a leader, one needs certain skills for making decisions, such as self-awareness, fairness and transparency which are skills also needed in decision making. This is supported by Thompson and Dowding (2009 p5) affirming that “One of the distinguishing features that mark out exceptional nurses is their skills in judgement and decision making”. Decision making is considered important leadership skills and is recognised by Sofarelli and Brown (1998) as qualities associated with transformational leadership. Now what? I have realised that decision making, particularly in nursing, is vital as it influences patient safety and outcomes (Ellis and Bach, 2015). It has been mention earlier that experience is a factor that affects decision making. To gained experience in judgement and decision making, I will use every opportunity during NP7 to practice evidence base in nursing practice and decision making by always based my decision on useful information sources like clinical guidelines, protocol and policy and patient preference. After what I will actively seek feedback from my mentor and others healthcare professionals and of course to patients to check their satisfaction about their involvement in the decision-making process about their own care at mid- and end-point reviews. . Domain 4: Leadership, management and team-working What? My leadership, management and team working skill are measured in appendix 2 and appendix 6 which are both leadership self-assessment tools. The first one showing aspects of my leadership that needs to be improved and the second one showing my leadership style which is “guiding” needing improvement to become more empowering. These are further supported by appendix 4: mentor end NP3 comment. During the leadership module, I took part in several group activities, which enabled me to understand team role importance and that there is no leader without followers. This part relates to NMC (2010) stating that nurses must work independently as well as in teams; be able to take the lead in coordinating, delegating and supervising care safely, managing risk and remaining accountable for care given. So what? Tomlison (2012) states that self-assessment helps individuals to appreciate their qualities, strengths and weaknesses thereby, enabling better transformational leadership. Bass (1985) found that transformational leadership contributes to individual performance and motivation. Whereas transactional leadership (Burns, 1978) is short-lived, and task-based, with the leader intervening with negative feedback when things go wrong. Adair (2002) proposed a three-circle model of strategic leadership, with the circles being the needs of the task, the individual and the team. This is a democratic model of leadership matching the NMC code, where Individuals and groups are involved in decision-making processes concerning their work (Adair, 2002). Management skills are as important as leadership skills in addressing some failings like those identified in the Francis report (Kerridge, 2013). Kerridge suggests they are closely linked, effective management and leadership both require putting first thing first. The King’s Fund report (2011) concurs, defining leadership as the art of motivating people toward a shared vision and management as getting the job done, suggesting that the exercise of leadership across shifts could be extended to management practice; pointing out that every member of healthcare team has some management and reporting functions as part of their job (Baker et al., 2012). Lord Darzi (2008) said: ‘Leadership is not just about individuals, but teams’. A successful leader will see each person as an individual, recognising their unique set of needs, as not everyone will perform at the same level (Hackman and Johnson 2013). This rejoins the description of team role by Belbin (1996) as he described a team role as ‘a tendency to behave, contribute and interrelate with others in a particular way’. Suggesting that Belbin assessment would be an ideal way for a team to examine: the roles they play, how these fit in with the team and the contribution of roles to the team (Frankel, 2011). Therefore, it would be advisable that team members use the questionnaire to helps identify individuals’ preferred roles, their manageable roles and their least preferred roles within the nine teams’ roles as described by Belbin in-order-to improve the success of teamwork. Nurse leaders need also to be able to respond to an ever-changing healthcare environment (Frankel, 2011). The literature suggests that leadership, effective communication and team working are among the most important elements for planned change (Schifalacqua et al., 2009a). Kurt (1951) identified three steps of change: unfreezing, moving and refreezing. This work was modified by Rogers (2003) who described five phases of planned change: awareness, interest, evaluation, trial and adoption. Another change theorist, Ronald Lippitt (Lippitt et al., (1958), identified seven phrases. Mitchell (2013) advises that Lippitt’s work is likely to be more useful to nurses because it incorporates a detailed plan of how to generate change and is underpinned by the four elements of the nursing process: assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation. Now what? To improve my Leadership, management and teamwork skills, I will use the first week of my MP7 to observe my mentor and nurses in charge leading some shifts, then, I will seek clarification on grey areas of my understanding and ask to have my own patients. This will enable me to practice leading others, managing patients and working with the multidisciplinary team. I will actively seek feedback till mid-point review, then, I will lead and manage my mentor whole set of patients under her observation and correction whenever needs arise till end-point. This will help me to move toward an empowering leadership style. Conclusion I have learnt that: a good leader or manager remains grounded in the values, beliefs and behaviours that guide professional nursing practice; understanding your role and that of other will nurture clear communication thus improving the success of the team; safe decision-making must be evidence-based; and effective leadership fosters a high-quality work environment leading to positive safe climate that assures better patient outcomes.

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• Nursing Leadership for Continuing Professional Development
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Leadership in Nursing Practice Essay (Critical Writing)

Description of key insights, description of leader/ situation and examples, effectiveness and impact on workplace.

There are several formal leadership theories, including transformational, democratic, laissez-faire, autocratic, and servant. Targeted leadership development in nursing will ensure that future health workers will be well prepared to meet the challenges of an overburdened health care system (den Breejen-de Hooge et al., 2021). Among the many types of leadership, transformational leadership is probably one of the most desirable (Broome & Marshall, 2021). Leaders of this type inspire change and create an environment characterized by trust and innovation (Broome & Marshall, 2021). In nursing, leadership helps to build a friendly and healthy-promoting environment (Furunes et al., 2018). How effective the leader’s actions largely determine the quality of the treatment (Sfantou et al., 2017). The importance of this phenomenon for health care settings should be underestimated.

When I interned at the clinic, my mentor seemed like an example of an effective transformational leader. She used different techniques to keep her staff motivated. Her talent was in distributing tasks in such a way that all employees were satisfied. In situations where difficult decisions had to be made, she used critical thinking skills. For example, when she once had difficulty diagnosing a patient, she checked a large number of sources, then discussed with more experienced colleagues, and only then shared her conclusion.

Leadership is what increases employee performance and has a positive impact on the workforce. The team is much more effective in achieving its goals if it is the leader who develops the methods and means for accomplishing them. This function can include immediately identifying steps and developing long-range plans for activities. Leadership increases staff productivity and creates a culture of caring (Furunes et al., 2018). Good leaders keep employees motivated, prevent turnover, and easily achieve long-term goals (Sfantou et al., 2017). With good leadership, tremendous results can be achieved in a short time.

den Breejen-de Hooge, L. E., van Os-Medendorp, H., & Hafsteinsdóttir, T. B. (2021). Is leadership of nurses associated with nurse-reported quality of care? A cross-sectional survey. Journal of Research in Nursing, 26 (1–2), 118–132. Web.

Broome, M., & Marshall, E. S. (2021). Transformational leadership in nursing: From expert clinician to influential leader. Springer.

Furunes, T., Kaltveit, A., & Akerjordet, K. (2018). Health-promoting leadership: A qualitative study from experienced nurses’ perspective. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27( 23-24), 4290–4301. Web.

Sfantou, D. F., Laliotis, A., Patelarou, A. E., Sifaki-Pistolla, D., Matalliotakis, M., & Patelarou, E. (2017). Importance of leadership style towards quality of care measures in healthcare settings: A systematic review. Healthcare , 5 (4), 1-17. Web.

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Essay on Nursing Leadership

Introduction.

Nursing leadership is a concept that has been evolving over the years. It is generally understood as how nurses use their knowledge, skills, and abilities to influence patient care and outcomes. Nursing leadership is about setting a vision for the future of healthcare and working to make that vision a reality. Zamboni et al. (2020) found that nearly 60% of nurse leaders said they were experiencing burnout, and another found that nearly 80% said they were concerned about the shortage of nurses. Despite these challenges, nursing leaders continue to strive to positively impact the healthcare system. Nursing leaders work to advocate for changes that will improve the quality of care and patient outcomes.

Nursing innovation and excellence are two important concepts for nursing leadership. Nursing innovation refers to creating new ideas or ways of doing things in nursing. Conversely, excellence refers to the quality of being outstanding or extremely good (Zamboni et al., 2020). In order for nursing leaders to be effective, they need to be able to combine these two concepts. They must be able to generate new ideas and then implement them in a way that leads to excellent care for patients. Only by constantly striving for innovation and excellence will nursing leaders be able to improve the quality of care and meet the ever-changing needs of patients.

Body of the paper

Nursing leaders are vital in promoting innovation and excellence within the nursing profession. By encouraging nurses to think creatively and experiment with new ideas, nursing leaders can help to foster a culture of innovation within their organizations (De Brún & McAuliffe, 2020). In addition, nursing leaders can also help ensure that nurses provide high-quality care to patients by setting high standards and expectations. By facilitating innovation and excellence within the nursing profession, nursing leaders can help improve patients’ quality of care.

Nursing leadership is critical to facilitating innovation and excellence in nursing care. Leaders play an important role in setting the tone for their team and fostering a culture of collaboration and innovation. They also provide direction and guidance when nurses face new challenges (O’Donovan et al., 2019). Leaders can help their teams provide patients with the best possible care by facilitating innovation and excellence in nursing care. In turn, this can lead to improved patient outcomes and a higher level of satisfaction with the care that nurses provide.

For instance, a nurse leader sets the tone for how nurses care for patients, work together as a team, and collaborate with other health care professionals. A nurse leader would be proactive in creating a plan for patient care, ensuring that all nurses are on the same page and working together to provide the best possible care (O’Donovan et al., 2019). A nurse leader would also be open to new ideas and willing to work with others to find the best solutions. In short, nurse leaders care about their patients and colleagues’ well-being and always look for ways to improve their care.

In nursing, leadership is vital to providing high-quality patient care and achieving positive outcomes. In today’s ever-changing healthcare landscape, it is more important than ever for nurses to be innovative, excellent leaders. By promoting a culture of innovation and excellence in nursing, we can ensure that our patients receive the best possible care. Nursing leaders play a critical role in this effort, providing direction and inspiring others to strive for greatness. When nurses can work together in an environment of innovation and excellence, patient care will improve.

De Brún, A., & McAuliffe, E. (2020). Identifying the context, mechanisms, and outcomes underlying collective leadership in teams: building a realist program theory.  BMC Health Services Research ,  20 (1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05129-1

O’Donovan, R., Ward, M., De Brún, A., & McAuliffe, E. (2019). Safety culture in health care teams: A narrative review of the literature.  Journal of nursing management ,  27 (5), 871–883. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12740

Zamboni, K., Baker, U., Tyagi, M., Schellenberg, J., Hill, Z., & Hanson, C. (2020). How and under what circumstances do quality improvement collaboratives lead to better outcomes? A systematic review.  Implementation Science ,  15 (1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-020-0978-z

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Nursing Leadership Essay Examples

Servant Leadership

Robert K. Greenleaf proposed servant leadership in 1970, advocating the primary motivation of a leader to be service to others. This leadership model puts the followers or people receiving service as the priority and emphasizes service to others, a holistic approach to work, encouraging a sense of community, and power-sharing in decision-making as its central tenets (Jones, 2018). Service to others entails a leader assuming the position of a servant in their interaction with others. Legitimate and authentic leadership stems from the practice of power or self-interested actions, with a priority goal of first helping others. A leader’s main motivation and purpose should be to encourage leadership in others, get the best out of them, and organize success indirectly and a derived outcome of servant leadership. A holistic approach to work holds that work exists for the people, and the people exist and challenge the existing relationships between people, organizations, and society. These tenets promote the perception that people should be encouraged to be themselves professionally and personally. The personal and integrated valuation of the persons leads to ultimate long-term interests and performance of the organization.(Nursing Leadership Essay Examples)

Servant leadership also promotes a sense of community, which is the only way institutions can provide human services appropriately. A sense of community involves a group of persons that work as a team and are jointly liable for each other (Jones, 2018). This tenet holds that organizations can only succeed by promoting community among the followers from individual servant leaders. Power-sharing in decision-making involves promoting leadership in others. Servant leaders should nurture participatory, empowering environments and grow other people’s talents, which helps increase workforce motivation and effectiveness that leads to the organization’s ultimate success. Servant leaders encourage others to hoard the power they have.(Nursing Leadership Essay Examples)

Servant leadership attributes include core personal characteristics and beliefs that form its foundation and the motivation behind the leadership. Servant leadership is founded on the core attributes that include listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, commitment to other people’s growth, and community building. I also highly regard these attributes and believe they are the primary drivers of my leadership. According to behavioral scientists, servant leadership critically relies on these ten attributes (Jones, 2018). These attributes are further divided into functional and accompanying attributes, with the functional attributes being the servant leaders’ intrinsic characteristics. Functional attributes include vision, honesty, integrity, trust, service, modeling, pioneering, appreciation, and empowerment. The accompanying attributes include communication, credibility, competence, stewardship, visibility, influence, persuasion, listening, encouragement, teaching, and delegation.(Nursing Leadership Essay Examples)

Leadership models should be translated into functional models that are testable and verifiable. Servant leadership faces some criticism for lacking empirical substantiation. The leadership theory is, according to critics, systematically undefined and lacks empirical support since current literature is full of anecdotal evidence, necessitating the need for empirical research. Others consider servant leadership as anti-feminist or religious in form, especially its values that are criticized for upholding androcentric patriarchal norms. Other researchers also question its practicality and applicability in real-life scenarios, and they perceive that its nature is not compatible with the current emphasis on individualistic effort. Servant leadership has also received tremendous support from literature and researchers that advocate it, stressing the theory’s effectiveness from an empirical perspective. The theory is praised for its focus on leadership motivation, which addresses many individuals’ multiple and inherent limitations, like the potential for error (Jones, 2018). The theory is also supported for its condemnation of self-serving leadership that has led to many scandals in many organizations today. The theory also focuses on a “holistic” approach that addresses multiple needs of the followers. The theory has been fundamental in my understanding and approach to leadership. I appreciate how it offers an ideal and necessary alternative to the traditional leadership models and hierarchical paradigms that gave little consideration to the employees and leaders who had all the power. We live in an age where many organizations fail due to a lack of employee involvement and are led by self-serving leaders that assume all the power. Servant leadership addresses these issues, promoting flexible units emphasizing empowerment, teamwork, and flatter power structures.(Nursing Leadership Essay Examples)

Situational Theory

The situational leadership theory assumes that different effective leadership styles change from one situation to another. It holds that leaders need to adapt their style and approach in diverse circumstances to be more effective and successful (Ghazzawi et al., 2017). For instance, some employees are more productive under autocratic or directive leadership, while others are more productive under leaders that allow autonomy and individual decision-making. It also perceives that industries and businesses demand a wide range of leadership traits that no particular leadership style can offer. According to situational leadership theory, leaders should match their styles with the employee’s maturity and preparedness levels. There are four primary leadership approaches in situational leadership theory: telling, selling, participating, and delegating (Salehzadeh et al., 2015). Telling is a more directive and authoritative approach; selling places the leader as the primary decision maker but who persuades employees instead of directing them, and participating holds that a leader is a team member who makes decisions with the other members. Participative leaders are more democratic, supporting and encouraging others. Delegating leaders give the decision-making responsibility to the team members and focus on oversight.(Nursing Leadership Essay Examples)

In addition to the four situational leadership approaches, the leaders should match their styles with four followers’ maturity levels. The telling approach matches level one maturity, including low competent and committed followers. The selling approach matches level two maturity, including low competent but highly committed employees (Lynch, 2015). The participating style matches level three maturity, which comprises highly competent but low committed and confident employees. Level four maturity includes highly competent, committed, and confident employees and matches the delegating approach. According to this theory, successfully matching the leadership approach to the appropriate level of follower maturity is the key to successful leadership.(Nursing Leadership Essay Examples)

I disapprove of this approach for its lack of practicality in real-life situations. Every leader has unique attributes and talents that make them effective in their role. Some leadership attributes like emotional strengths and weaknesses are intrinsic, and it is difficult to shift these attributes depending on the situation. Situational leadership is particularly ineffective in task-oriented environments because managers find themselves in positions where tasks need to be done in specific ways, and leaders find flexibility impossible and disadvantageous. I have engaged with situations and tasks requiring all employees to follow predetermined and inflexible rules, policies, and regulations. Demanding leaders to be flexible in such situations takes their strengths away. Defining follower maturity is always challenging. The theory does not define which type of maturity the leaders should consider, either emotional or job maturity or both. Individuals with high emotional maturity are not particularly mature in their job responsibilities. Leaders can struggle to determine which form of maturity to consider when matching their leadership approach (Thompson & Glasø, 2018). Individual differences characterize employees, and they react differently to different leadership styles. It is nearly impossible for a leader to understand all individual differences and predict how a particular follower will react to the leadership style, and the responses offered in a specific situation can be inappropriate for the situation. Situational leadership theory creates corporate dependency because organizations have to stick with the same leader who understands all the employees and is aware of their maturity levels.(Nursing Leadership Essay Examples)

The theory has several advantages: recognizing the need for flexibility, creating a comfortable environment for the employees, considering different developmental phases, keeping the team together, and increasing leaders’ awareness. Indeed situational leadership forces the leaders to be more aware of their employees’ attributes, but it remains a challenge to determine which maturity level matches the leadership style of choice (Thompson & Glasø, 2018). This theory has been fundamental in my understanding of the need for flexibility in leadership by increasing awareness of the employees’ attributes and unique talents. It encourages the leaders to find appropriate educational and training opportunities for their established followers, with every worker having a chance to improve themselves.(Nursing Leadership Essay Examples)

Team Leadership and Authentic Leadership

Team leadership.

A team leader is any person that provides guidance, instruction, direction, and leadership to a team to achieve a common objective. Team leadership involves monitoring the team’s achievements and individual contributions to the team’s goals and objectives. The team leader is a team member and has other roles apart from leadership responsibilities, unlike high-level management, which is an entirely separate job responsibility. The key attribute of a team leader is team motivation that involves the ability to motivate team members to use their knowledge and skills to attain a common objective and shared goals (Cartwright, 2017). Team leadership prioritizes ensuring all members work in a goal-oriented manner. A team leader should drive and promote high-level performance by all team members by encouraging them to maximize their expertise, influence, and creativeness. The tenets of team leadership include a shared vision and goals, team motivation, collective action, progress and results, team spirit, and attention to individual differences and strengths.

Team leaders have a core responsibility to assemble members with skills required to accomplish the shared goals, develop a strategy adaptable by each team member, assign tasks based on talent and specialty, set timelines, and communicate progress. Team leadership is effective as it emphasizes personality differences to ensure smooth and efficient functioning. Team leadership also ensures that all team members are goal-oriented, which leads to the organization’s ultimate success. Team leaders can promote healthy relationships among team members that translate to the whole organization (Cartwright, 2017). Team leadership relies on effective and healthy relationships between members and their leaders and between members themselves to ensure goal alignment. The primary criticism of team leadership is that it forces leaders to focus on tasks like task division, problem-solving, group prioritization, and conflict management instead of producing the results required. Team leadership style also challenges making urgent decisions because everyone’s opinion should be counted during decision-making. Team leadership can also lead to confusion because some roles can overlap. There would be a high possibility of specific teams with divergent goals not respecting the management’s decision, especially if their opinions were not prioritized.(Nursing Leadership Essay Examples)

Authentic Leadership

Authentic leadership theory is contemporary and still forming in the business environment. The theory perceives leaders as genuine, and being themselves is the driver of success because they can hone their leadership skills and talents. According to research, authentic leadership can predict job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and workplace happiness. This leadership approach has five distinct tenets: a sense of purpose, distinct values, relationship building, goals and self-discipline, and a genuine heart (Datta, 2015). These are general concepts that authentic leaders should integrate into their real intentions and beliefs. Having a sense of purpose reinforces the sense of realness and makes a leader approachable. A sense of purpose originates from a passion in practice, which describes leaders who love and are committed to doing. Passion can transmit to the employees, making them more interested and caring about the work. Integrity is a distinct value of authentic leaders and is critical to leadership success. Authentic leaders behave in a manner that aligns with their principles and beliefs. Authentic leaders also prioritize building real relationships with employees and colleagues (Datta, 2015). They strive to establish real connections with those around them, willing to share, communicate, and listen to others. Self-discipline is a vital characteristic of authentic leaders and allows them to focus and move forward despite the challenges. Authentic leaders are also consistent, which makes them easy to follow. They have a genuine heart, compassion for their followers, and are sensitive to their followers’ needs, willing to help them achieve what they want.(Nursing Leadership Essay Examples)

Authentic leadership has its weaknesses and criticisms as many researchers argue that employees do not require an authentic person but a true leader. Critics claim that people need more than themselves and can lead and guide them effectively. Some researchers hold that the key to strong leadership is faking it until you make it. Prioritizing authenticity has been criticized for reinforcing bad behavior among leaders and executives. This theory rejects the perception of adopting a different persona because leaders must be themselves in all situations. It goes the opposite of situational leadership that encourages leaders to be flexible and adapt different leadership styles that are effective in specific situations. Despite the many criticisms, authentic leadership is worth aspiring for as it offers a solid foundation to strong leadership characterized by real connections with people throughout the organization (Datta, 2015). Genuineness makes other people feel better and encourages them to collaborate and work with their leaders and organizational management.(Nursing Leadership Essay Examples)

The Impact of Gender and Culture on Leadership

Gender and culture impact leadership behavior and the type of leadership style (UFOMA, 2016). In most areas, including countries, management cannot be separated from the specific cultures of these areas. Every culture has grown through a distinct history, some particular and unique insight into organizational management and human resource. Every culture also has its limitation in the determination and influence of organizational managing and organizing. Cultural norms are absorbed into a particular leadership style, leading to good or bad consequences. The norms and values shared within a culture significantly impact leadership and followership (UFOMA, 2016). There are rules for inclusion or exclusion in every culture, which often translate to organizational management and organizing. There are norms within a culture that determine the distribution of power and status, rules to developing relationships, and ideologies. The commonalities lead to powerful bonds and behaviors among the people sharing them.(Nursing Leadership Essay Examples)

Cultural rationalization affects mental strategies that determine legal or moral and illegal and immoral. Leaders in such cultural cocoons can translate these norms and acceptable behavior into leadership styles (UFOMA, 2016). Organizational structures are also different across different cultures, particularly in Eastern and Western societies. For instance, organizational structures and leadership styles in Eastern countries are more likely to be authoritarian, centralized, bureaucratic, and with high-power distances than organizational structures in Western countries. Gender also impacts leadership behavior and has risen as a matter of concern in most organizations in recent times. Research indicates that women leaders are more likely to have democratic or participative leadership behavior. Women leaders are also more concerned about maintaining interpersonal relationships with followers and colleagues and accomplishing tasks than their male counterparts (Brown, 2018). However, there is no significant difference between male and female leaders regarding organizational effectiveness.(Nursing Leadership Essay Examples)

Ethics and Morality in Leadership

A focus on the role of ethics leads to effective and moral leadership. Ethics represents principles defining wrong and right conduct within an organization or professional. Ethical decision-making constitutes moral leadership, which focuses on practicing and instilling the right moral values (Den Hartog, 2015). Moral leaders demonstrate superior virtues like unselfishness and self-discipline that benefit followers and organizations. Moral leadership has a significant positive association with ethical pro-organizational behavior. Leaders need to possess ethical management principles and ensure employees at every level of the organization adopt them to minimize ethical conflicts. Such principles include honesty, trustworthiness, and integrity. The absence of morality in leadership can make a powerful leadership approach disastrous. The impact of leaders’ morality is self-evident in their actions or inaction on other individuals. The principles governing and guiding a leader’s behavior should ne sound, socially acceptable, and translated into the leader’s thoughts, actions, and behaviors.(Nursing Leadership Essay Examples)

Brown, N. D. (2018). The impact of leader race and gender on organizations’ perceptions of corporate error.

Cartwright, R. (2017). Mastering team leadership. Macmillan International Higher Education.

Datta, B. (2015). Assessing the effectiveness of authentic leadership. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 9(1), 62-75.

Den Hartog, D. N. (2015). Ethical leadership. Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav., 2(1), 409-434.

Ghazzawi, K., Shoughari, R. E., & Osta, B. E. (2017). Situational leadership and its effectiveness in raising employee productivity: A study on north Lebanon organization. Human Resource Management Research, 7(3), 102-110.

Jones, P. R. (2018). Critical analysis of Robert K. Greenleaf’s servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness. International Journal of Language and Literature, 6(1), 10-15.

Lynch, B. (2015). Partnering for performance in situational leadership: a person-centered leadership approach. International Practice Development Journal, 5.(Nursing Leadership Essay Examples)

Salehzadeh, R., Shahin, A., Kazemi, A., & Barzoki, A. S. (2015). Proposing a new approach for evaluating the situational leadership theory based on the Kano model: The case of university students. International Journal of Public Leadership.

Thompson, G., & Glasø, L. (2018). Situational leadership theory: a test from a leader-follower congruence approach. Leadership & Organization Development Journal.

UFOMA, A. O. (2016). The Effect of Gender and Culture on Leadership Styles in Delta State Polytechnic, Ogwashi Uku Delta State. International Journal of Research, 25.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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