bus essay in sanskrit

Bus: 8 definitions

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Introduction:

Bus means something in Hinduism , Sanskrit. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.

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Sanskrit dictionary.

Bus (बुस्).—4 P. ( busyati )

1) To discharge, emit, pour forth.

2) To divide, distribute.

Bus (बुस्).—r. 4th cl. ( busyati ) To dismiss, to loose, to quit or leave.

Bus (बुस्).—i. 4, [Parasmaipada.] 1. To effund. † 2. To distribute (cf. 2. vyuṣ ).

Bus (बुस्):—[class] 4. [Parasmaipada] busyati , to discharge, pour forth, emit, [Dhātupāṭha xxvi, 110];

—to divide, distribute ([varia lectio] for √ vyuṣ ).

Bus (बुस्):— (ya) busyati 4. a. To dismiss.

[Sanskrit to German]

Bus in German

Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् ( saṃskṛtam ), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.

Kannada-English dictionary

Bus (ಬುಸ್):—

1) [noun] the hissing sound of a snake.

2) [noun] any similar sound.

Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.

See also (Relevant definitions)

Starts with ( +107 ): Busa , Busabah , Busain , Busam , Busana , Busangura , Busangura busecha , Busanto , Busaplavi , Busarataya , Busarta , Busaru , Busasa , Busasarta , Busayl , Busbusilak , Buscut , Busde , Buse , Busecha .

Ends with ( +2 ): Alkubus , Alysicarpus tetragonolobus , Amaranthus albus , Amorphophallus albus , Cichorium intybus , Dianthus superbus , Dictamnus albus , Ebus , Hubus , Ibus , Jambus , Kalopanax septemlobus , L-bus , Melilotus albus , Nimbus , Palampus , Petasites tricholobus , Psophocarpus tetragonolobus , Pulai gabus , Rambus .

Full-text ( +24 ): Bassunildana , Vus , Basabisauni , Vyush , Basbisohni , Busa , Busu , Shot bus , Trali-basa , Basaseva , Busasa , L-bus , Vundh , Busaplavi , Eksapresa , Pumpum , Basseva , Basha , Express , Trali-bas .

Relevant text

Search found 47 books and stories containing Bus; (plurals include: Buses). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:

Triveni Journal

The Age Runner < [July – Sept. & Oct. – Dec. 1992]

Climbing a Volcano < [May 1937]

Ambulance, Please! < [April – June, 1986]

+ 138 more chapters / show preview

Chaitanya Bhagavata (by Bhumipati Dāsa)

Verse 3.2.289 < [Chapter 2 - Description of the Lord’s Travel Through Bhuvaneśvara and Other Placesto Jagannātha Purī]

Verse 3.2.308 < [Chapter 2 - Description of the Lord’s Travel Through Bhuvaneśvara and Other Placesto Jagannātha Purī]

show preview

Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology

Periodontal health of transport workers in a union territory, India. < [Volume 19 (issue 3), May-Jun 2015]

One step at a time: How so ever baby, it may be < [Volume 27 (issue 6), Nov-Dec 2023]

Factors influencing toothpaste choice among Mangalore students 18-24. < [Volume 26 (issue 6), Nov-Dec 2022]

A Blessed Pilgrimage (by Dr. Yutang Lin)

Part 14 - The Site Of Buddhas Parinirvana

Part 9 - A Famous Place Of Buddha's Sermons

Part 10 - The Ancient Center Of Buddhist Studies

+ 5 more chapters / show preview

The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences

Regular OSA Exams: Essential for Drivers in Malaysia < [v.24(1): 1–122 2017 Feb]

Global Road Accidents: A Social Perspective on Malaysia < [v.10(2): 1–186 2003 Jul]

Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM): 25 Years Of Excellent Service < [Volume 16 (issue 1), Jan-Mar 2009]

+ 29 more chapters / show preview

In Asoka’s Footsteps (by Nina Van Gorkom)

Chapter 7 - Paying Respect

Chapter 5 - Purity Of Sila

Click here for all 47 books

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• Sanskrit Today: Bridging Past and Present

Sanskrit Today: Bridging Past and Present  Blogs Home

• 03 Aug 2023

The phrase ‘World Sanskrit Day’ elucidates the connotation of Sanskrit holding a substantial meaning at the global level, ubiquitous to the whole world, which is beyond the identity of being one of the languages of the Indian Subcontinent. Thus, it is important to explore the narrative that the Sanskrit language has around itself, to analyze its various avenues and evolution from the past and present, and to envision the contemporary relevance it has.

Sanskrit belongs to the Satem group of Indo-European languages of South Asia. Besides being an ancient classical language, it is also a liturgical language of Hinduism and Buddhism primarily, and occasionally used in Jainism. It is one of the twenty-two official languages of India and an ancestor of the modern Indo-Aryan languages. Its status in the cultures of South and Southeast Asia is similar to that of Latin and Greek in Europe and it has evolved into and influenced, many modern languages of the world.

The spectrum of literature in the Sanskrit language encompasses a rich tradition of poetry and drama, and religious, scientific, technical, and philosophical texts. Sanskrit has shaped the culture, art, architecture, scientific disciplines, and other aspects of society like polity, philosophy, etc. Today, Sanskrit is widely used as a ceremonial language in Hindu rituals in the form of hymns and mantras.

Originally, the term "Sanskrit" did not emerge as a specific language set apart from other languages, but as a specifically refined or perfected manner of speaking. Knowledge of Sanskrit was a social class marker and educational attainment of the language was a privilege of the higher castes in ancient India.

The Relevance of Sanskrit in Modern Context

Pre-classically known as Vedic Sanskrit, a spoken language for centuries before the Vedas were written down, Sanskrit began the transition from a primary language to a language of religion and learning around 600 BCE. Classical Sanskrit is defined by the oldest surviving Sanskrit grammar, Panini’s Ashtadhyayi. Sanskrit, primarily a learned language of Ancient India thus evolved into modern Indo-Aryan languages.

Although the evolution of Sanskrit has declined its nature of everyday use, it still holds unabashed significance in the modern world. The culture of Sanskrit is a culture of synthesis and assimilation and spreads the message of humanism, peace, and mutual understanding, and of the sound development of the individual and the society. The cultural heritage of India stems from the contribution of Sanskrit in shaping the literature, traditions, monuments, and art of ancient India that has been passed in legacy to us.

Sanskrit Literature and Texts

The vast array of Sanskrit Literature has incepted various Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, epic poems, drama, and philosophical works. The Vedas are the oldest and most sacred texts of Hinduism, containing hymns, rituals, and philosophy. The Upanishads are the philosophical and mystical teachings of the Vedas. The Mahabharata and the Ramayana are epic poems that narrate the stories of heroes, gods, and demons. The Puranas are mythological and historical accounts of the creation, preservation, and destruction of the universe. This literature was written in the Sutra style, in which brevity is a defining character. The works which have been written in sutra style were named ‘Vedangas’. They are six – Shiksha, Kalpa, Vyakarana, Nirukta, Channdas, and Jyotish.

Classical Sanskrit literature includes plays, poetry, and philosophical works that explore various themes, such as love, morality, politics, and spirituality. Some of the famous authors of classical Sanskrit literature are Kalidasa, Bhartrihari, Shankara, and Bhavbhuti, who have written timeless works like Abhigyan Shakuntalam, Meghdoot, Uttaramcharit, and many more. These Vedic texts are an indispensable part of Hindu rituals today and the classical works are majorly studied around the globe even today.

Sanskrit as a Language of Science and Knowledge

Sanskrit is not only a language of religion and spirituality but also a language of science and knowledge. The texts contain many scientific and mathematical discoveries that were made thousands of years ago. Sanskrit was the first language to describe the concept of zero, the decimal system, the Pythagorean theorem, and trigonometry. Sanskrit also has sophisticated grammar and phonology that are based on human physiology. Sanskrit is a language that reflects the wisdom and creativity of the ancient Indian civilization.

Sanskrit has played a vital role in the development of various scientific disciplines like medicine, astronomy, and maths. Sanskrit texts have documented the knowledge and practices of ancient Indian scientists and physicians, who made remarkable contributions to these fields. For example, the anatomy, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of various diseases in Ayurveda, the oldest system of medicine in the world. Sanskrit texts have also explained the principles and methods of astronomy, such as the calculation of planetary positions, eclipses, and calendars. Sanskrit texts have also introduced the concepts and techniques of maths, such as algebra, geometry, and calculus.

Sanskrit in Indian Art, Architecture, and Culture

The classical texts have provided the source material, stories, and characters for many traditional Indian art forms, music, dance, and drama. Sanskrit texts, such as the Natyashastra, have also laid down the rules and principles of these forms of expression. Sanskrit has also enriched the language, style, and beauty of these forms. Sanskrit has also helped to preserve and transmit the cultural legacy of India through traditions, customs, rituals, folk tales, and ballads. The association of Indian Music with Sanskrit is as old as Sanskrit itself. In the Vedic age, the Samagana method of chanting Vedic verses was in practice. Music is believed to have originated from the mantras of Samveda.

Sanskrit has played an inevitable role in the development of temple architecture and iconography. Sanskrit texts, such as the Agamas, the Shilpa shastras, and the Vastu shastras, have prescribed the design, construction, and decoration of temples. Sanskrit texts have also described the forms, features, and symbolism of various deities and their images.

Revival of Sanskrit - Challenges and Measures Taken

The major challenges that pose a roadblock to the revival and continuation of Sanskrit can be summarised as the rote method of learning Sanskrit relying on translation, the Western influence of academic theories that portray Sanskrit as a political, oppressive, and dead language, the marginalization of Sanskrit in the education system and the media due to lack of awareness and inadequate resources and the scarcity of appreciation of the language’s value. The loss of Sanskrit manuscripts and oral traditions due to neglect and destruction and the dearth of first-language Sanskrit speakers have also diminished its value and prominence.

Sanskrit is now a language of an ancient culture whose history dates back to 4000-6000 years in the past. But vigorous efforts have been made so that Sanskrit is taught and pursued as a subject in hundreds of educational institutions across India, along with some dedicated language purists who are trying to revive and promote this classical Indian language. Organizations like Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan and Sanskrit Bharati have ensured that Sanskrit is encouraged more and more. The Indian Govt. has assisted the prevalence of Sanskrit by providing scholarships and funding to Adarsh Sanskrit Mahavidhyalayas, Shodh Sansthaan, Asthaadashi project, etc. Digital tools and e-content have been curated for ease of students.

Sanskrit Education in India

The educational system in India pertaining to Sanskrit knowledge was widespread in the form of the Gurukul system and Guru-Shishya Parampara. Those traditions witnessed a steep decline during colonial rule, after which many efforts were made to incorporate the Gurukul system in Modern India by establishing such institutes which ensure the holistic development of a disciple, equipping him/her in all the disciplines of life. Sanskrit also is taught in many parts of India as a linguistic discipline as well.

The probable and developing domains in the field of Sanskrit are Academia (primary and higher education , research and translation, transcription), AI jobs which involve using the linguistic characteristics of the language in developing software and AI, and the roles of archivists in libraries and museums.

Future Prospects and Global Perspective

Sanskrit has attracted global interest for its rich and diverse literature, philosophy, and culture. It is also an important source of information for the study of Indology, which is the academic discipline that deals with the history, languages, religions, and cultures of South Asia. Many universities and institutions around the world offer courses and programs in Sanskrit and Indology, such as Harvard University and Leiden University. It has attracted the attention of Linguists, which can help them untangle and devise many theories and grammars.

Sanskrit, being the language of Yoga has gained momentum internationally along with the popularity of Yoga worldwide. IT specialists and developers are inclined towards Sanskrit to develop codes and AI that are based on Sanskrit mechanisms. Despite the unwavering efforts of stalwarts to promote Sanskrit globally, there is an inadequate pedagogy in the educational aspect of teaching the language, the dearth of conversational Sanskrit and removing the label of an old relic of orthodoxy from the language and establishing its timelessness in the contemporary times are some major challenges which can be eliminated and overcome with collective action.

• https://vedicheritage.gov.in/samhitas/samaveda-samhitas/
• https://www.indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/classical-sanskrit-literature
• https://ignca.gov.in/PDF_data/A_glimpse_VEDIC_LITERATURE.pdf
• https://www.britannica.com/summary/Indo-Aryan-languages
• https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/origin-of-indo-european-languages-date-back-to-about-8100-years-ago-says-study/cid/1955001
• https://www.worldhistory.org/Indo-European_Languages
• Sanskrit as a Language of Science: Its Role in History and Modern Times | India News - Times of India (indiatimes.com)
• Sanskrit - World History Encyclopedia
• Sanskrit - New World Encyclopedia
• (13) Importance of Sanskrit Language | Dr. N.C. Panda - Academia.edu
• Sanskrit – Is it Relevant Today? - Rishihood University, Delhi NCR
• About Sanskrit
• Revival of Sanskrit - The Statesman
• Sanskrit Education: Bowing Our Heads To Tradition? (outlookindia.com)
• The Future Of Living Sanskrit (swarajyamag.com)

Tanmaya Kshirsagar

Tanmaya Kshirsagar is an artist, writer and musician. She works with UN Women as a Youth Ambassador and her work has found a place on platforms like Times of India, Indian Review, Women's Web and Medium to name a few.

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The Place of women in Sanskrit Literature - in Sanskrit

• Published 2011
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buses - Meaning in Sanskrit

Interpreted your input " buses " as " BUS ".

BUS - Meaning in Sanskrit

• लोकयानम् +2

BUS Word Forms & Inflections

Definitions and meaning of buses in english.

autobus , bus , bus , bus , charabanc , coach , double-decker , jitney , motorbus , motorcoach , omnibus , passenger vehicle

• "he always rode the bus to work"

bus , bus , bus , heap , heap , jalopy

• "the fenders had fallen off that old bus"

bus , bus , bus , busbar

• "the busbar in this computer can transmit data either way between any two components of the system"

bus topology , bus , bus , bus

bus , bus , bus

• "The children were bussed to school"

Synonyms of BUS

• autobus , charabanc , coach , double-decker , jitney , motorbus , motorcoach , omnibus , passenger vehicle
• heap , jalopy
• bus topology

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What is buses meaning in Sanskrit, buses translation in Sanskrit, buses definition, pronunciations and examples of buses in Sanskrit.

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Home » Extras » RBSE Class 8th Sanskrit Half Yearly Paper 2024 (PDF) – Download Rajasthan Board Class 8 Half Yearly Exam Question Paper

RBSE Class 8th Sanskrit Half Yearly Paper 2024 (PDF) – Download Rajasthan Board Class 8 Half Yearly Exam Question Paper

The RBSE Class 8th Sanskrit Half Yearly Paper 2024 is a crucial resource for students preparing for the Rajasthan Board Class 8 half yearly exams. Here you can download the Rajasthan Board Class 8 Half Yearly Exam Question Paper PDF. To get good marks in the Sanskrit exam, you should first of all study all the topics that are in the RBSE class 8th half yearly syllabus for Sanskrit, from the Rajasthan Board Class 8 Sanskrit book. Then you should solve the class 8th Sanskrit half yearly exam question paper to get a very good idea of the question pattern, difficulty level, and types of questions. Besides Sanskrit, you can download and practice with the RBSE Class 8 Half Yearly Question Paper for all subjects to ace your exam preparation.

RBSE Class 8th Sanskrit Half Yearly Paper 2024

Practicing with the RBSE Class 8th Sanskrit Half Yearly Paper 2024-25 ensures that you get familiar with the exam structure. It provides valuable insights into the type of questions and marks distribution used in the Class 8 Sanskrit half yearly exam question paper , helping students to prepare more strategically. The Rajasthan Board 8th Class Half-Yearly Exam Question Paper of Sanskrit is as follows. You can also use this as a RBSE class 8th class Model Question Paper .

RBSE Class 8 Sanskrit Half Yearly Question Paper Download Link – Click Here to Download Question Paper PDF

RBSE Class 8th Sanskrit Half Yearly Paper 2024 PDF

The latest available previous year rajasthan board half yearly exam complete question paper is as follows.

Important Things To Know About The Rajasthan Board Class 8th Half Yearly Exam

If you are a class 8th student of Rajasthan Board, then you must be gearing up for the Sanskrit half yearly exam. Here are some very important things for you to keep in mind:

• First of all, you should know that the Rajasthan Board class 8th Sanskrit half yearly exam paper will be based on the RBSE syllabus . Therefore you should check the exact RBSE Class 8 Half Yearly Syllabus 2024-25 for Sanskrit . Make sure to cover all the chapters listed in the Rajasthan Board class 8th Sanskrit half yearly syllabus 2024 from the official Rajasthan Board books .
• Another thing, is that you must strictly appear for your Sanskrit test as per the RBSE Class 8 Half Yearly Time Table 2024-25 . Keep track of the exam dates and schedule your Sanskrit paper study plan accordingly.
• Finally, wish you all the best for your Class 8 half yearly exam result . You will surely do great in your RBSE result for all subjects including Sanskrit .

RBSE Half Yearly Question Papers

Besides the Sanskrit, you can download question papers for other subjects too. The Class 8 previous year half yearly exam question paper for all subjects are as follows.

• Social Science

How to Prepare With RBSE 8th Sanskrit Half Yearly Exam Question Paper

• Understand the format . See the RBSE Class 8 Sanskrit Half Yearly Question Paper 2024-25 (or previous year) to see what are the sections, how many questions in each section, what is the marking scheme. When you mock solve the Class 8 Sanskrit half yearly question paper , write answers as per whether a question is short answer type, long answer type, and keep time limit in mind.
• Follow the RBSE Half Yearly Paper guidelines . Make sure to adhere to the official Sanskrit syllabus and topics highlighted for the RBSE Half Yearly Exam to focus your preparation efforts.
• Practice regularly . The more you practice with past and model papers, the better your performance in the final exam.

Rajasthan Board Previous Year Question Papers

You can also explore the old question papers of Rajasthan Board for all classes and exams.

Using the RBSE Class 8th Sanskrit Half Yearly Paper 2024 effectively will boost your preparation for the Rajasthan Board exams. Ensure that you download the paper and go through it multiple times, covering all aspects of the Rajasthan Board Class 8th Sanskrit Half yearly Exam Paper to gain confidence and excel in your exams.

Rajasthan Board Class 8 HY Exam Question Paper 2024 of Sanskrit – An Overview

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Translation of "bus" into Sanskrit

बसयानम् is the translation of "bus" into Sanskrit. Sample translated sentence: Let's go by bus. ↔ लोकयानेन गच्छामः।

(automotive) A motor vehicle for transporting large numbers of people along roads. [..]

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The Importance of Sanskrit in Indian Education

This is Part I of two-part series on Sanskrit in Indian Education. To read part II, please click here .

Reality-Check 

If you are an Indian reading this essay in English, then it is likely that you are (a) not representative of the average Indian, and (b) alienated from your Indic mother-tongue. The 2011 Census shows that only 10.67% of Indians speak English as either their first, second, or third language. As English-speaking Oxford students and academics discussing Indic languages, we must remember that we do not represent the average Indian. This is because a majority of Indians attend non English medium schools i.e. schools in which non-language subjects such as physics, mathematics, and geography are taught in the student’s mother-tongue (“Household Social Consumption on Education in India”, p. 100). A good test of whether you are alienated from your Indic mother-tongue is to try to formulate your knowledge of Newton’s laws of motion, quadratic equations, and the physical characteristic of plateaus in your mother-tongue (without cheating by whole-scale borrowing of English words!). While the average Indian student educated in his mother-tongue can do this quite easily, English-educated Indians alienated from their mother-tongues (such as you and I) cannot.

Confronted with the growing status of English as an international lingua franca, however, more and more Indian parents are sending their children to English-medium schools. Furthermore, despite their statistical prominence, all Indian languages seem to be in a state of decline. This is shown by their dearth of innovative and impactful scholarly writing as well as by the influx of numerous English words in daily conversation.

Why study Sanskrit?

Having briefly described our current linguistic reality, especially the existential crisis facing all Indian languages, I will now discuss the reasons for learning Sanskrit.

Sanskrit was the lingua-franca of sciences such as mathematics, astronomy, and medicine in pre-modern India. To quote Field’s Medallist David Mumford’s review of Kim Plofker’s excellent book Mathematics in India:

“Did you know that Vedic priests were using the so-called Pythagorean theorem to construct their fire altars in 800 BCE?; that the differential equation for the sine function, in finite difference form, was described by Indian mathematician-astronomers in the fifth century CE?; and that “Gregory’s” series π/4 = 1−1/3 +1/5 − … was proven using the power series for arctangent and, with ingenious summation methods, used to accurately compute π _in southwest India in the fourteenth century?” (Mumford 385)

It is an indictment of our education system that most of these remarkable achievements are never mentioned in our textbooks, both in English and in Indian languages. If we want to gain an accurate understanding of the scientific and technological achievements of Indian civilisation, a knowledge of Sanskrit is essential since virtually all pre-modern Indian scientists such as Caraka, Suśruta, Āryabhaṭa, Varāhamihira, Bhāskara II, and Mādhava composed their scientific treatises in Sanskrit. Unfortunately, instead of celebrating these real scientists and their real scientific achievements, certain sections of Indian society continuously concoct fake achievements such as aeroplanes in the Rāmāyana and nuclear fusion in the Vedas. It is obvious that such nonsense is motivated by a deep insecurity about the past. However, as a response to these false claims, many English-educated Indians refuse to believe that there was anything resembling science in ancient India. Like Englishmen, many Indians have been ‘educated’ to view ancient India as a dark period of primitive superstition. If we reflect on this polarisation of opinion, we realise that a lack of knowledge of Sanskrit is the common denominator uniting people on both sides. A sound knowledge of Sanskrit would provide a student with the tools necessary to critically examine claims about Indian intellectual history and arrive at his/her own conclusions. This conclusion would inevitably follow the Buddhist middle-path (Pāli majjhimā paṭipadā): ancient Indians made numerous scientific advancements but were neither omniscient nor utterly ignorant. Teaching Sanskrit is the best way to expose students to the richness of the scientific, philosophical, and practical knowledge-systems of Indian civilisation.

b) Literature

Many of the foundational stories of Indian civilisation which still delight us today have their roots in Sanskrit literature: the story of Rāma and Sīta in the Rāmāyana , the fratricidal tragedy of the Mahābhārata , or Kṛṣṇa’s childhood and his love-affairs with  gopīs in the Bhāgavatapurāṇa . If religion and science isn’t your cup of tea, despair not! Most of Sanskrit literature is actually descriptions of beautiful sunrises, terrifying wars, and sweet love-making. Consider, for example, the lament of a yakṣa separated from his beloved:

tvām ālikhya praṇayakupitāṃ dhāturāgaiḥ śilāyām ātmānaṃ te caraṇapatitaṃ yāvad icchāmi kartum | asrais tāvan muhur upacitair dṛṣṭir ālipyate me krūras tasminn api na sahate saṃgamaṃ nau kṛtāntaḥ || (Kālidāsa’s Meghadūta verse 2.45)   I paint you, angry with affection, on this stone using minerals as colours. As soon as I seek to add myself, fallen at your feet, to the picture, My eyes become smudged with incessant tears. O, how cruel is fate, Since it does not allow the two of us to unite Even in a painting!

Sanskrit literature is filled with millions of such verses: verses which capture the deepest and most secret feelings of the human heart. Besides these tender verses, Sanskrit literature possesses rare examples of literary genius. For example, the 12th century poet Kavirāja’s Rāghavapāṇḍavīya simultaneously narrates the stories of the  Rāmāyana and Mahābhārata using Sanskrit’s seemingly infinite possibility for punning! If students wish to make this rich world of feeling, beauty, and literary genius a part of their life, then they must learn Sanskrit.

c) Language

Sanskrit is a grammatically perfect language with ten verbal-classes, eight cases, three numbers, and three genders (Jones 28). Sanskrit is one of the most well-structured and concise languages in the world. Consider the following English sentence: "I went to the shop to buy sugar".

The prolixity of this eight-word English sentence is evident in the use of filler words such as ‘to’ and ‘the’. Expressing the same thought in a modern Indian language such as Hindi, one would say: " मैं चीनी खरीदने के िलए दुकान गया ।"

Though this Hindi sentence is one word shorter than its English counterpart, it is equally prolix. Suppose one were to express the same thought in Sanskrit: śarkarāyāḥ krayāya vipaṇim agaccham.

We need only four words! In addition to its intrinsic grammatical beauty, a knowledge of Sanskrit will help a student learn other Indian languages more easily since most Indian languages, including Tamil, borrow a large number of loanwords from Sanskrit. I am reminded of my north-Indian friend’s hilarious attempt to order hot water at a restaurant in Karnataka. When he asked for ‘ garam pānī ’ in Hindi, everyone was baffled. However, as soon as he asked for the Sanskritic ‘ uṣṇa jala ’, he got what he wanted! Besides aiding in the comprehension of Indian languages, Sanskrit constitutes ideal preparation for those interested in learning Greek and Latin. This is because these Western classical languages share not only grammatical structure but also numerous cognate words with Sanskrit. Thus, Sanskrit is not only grammatically beautiful but also an ideal gateway to learning other Indian and Indo-European languages.

Sanskrit Pedagogy

Having (hopefully) persuaded you of the beauty and relevance of Sanskrit, I must now turn to three intractable practical questions: (i) How should Sanskrit be incorporated into our school curriculum? (ii) How should Sanskrit teaching deal with the controversies surrounding Sanskrit? (iii) How can teachers make Sanskrit learning easier and more enjoyable?

As far as the first question is concerned, National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 hits the nail on the head:

“Sanskrit will thus be offered at all levels of school and higher education as an important, enriching option for students, including as an option in the three-language formula.” (NEP 2020: 14)

It is significant that NEP 2020 does not argue that Sanskrit should be made compulsory. Any attempt to impose Sanskrit on students is doomed to fail since many students prefer learning another Indian language instead of Sanskrit. However, as NEP 2020 states, Sanskrit should be made available as an option that can be chosen as one’s second or third language. In this respect, NEP 2020 significantly improves on NEP 1986 which, unfortunately, said virtually nothing about the role of Sanskrit in Indian education (NEP 1986. Furthermore, NEP 2020’s explicit mention of the importance of other classical languages such as Tamil and Kannada shows its commitment to preserving and re-invigorating the classical in these dreary post-modern times (NEP 2020 14-15). However, good intentions do not change the world unless accompanied by concrete action. Sanskrit is currently not offered as a language option in most private and government schools, including in the school of this essay’s author. Indeed, most of my Sanskrit-speaking friends actually learnt Sanskrit from traditional paṇḍitas outside the formal academic system. Though Sanskrit should not be made compulsory as a language, all students should be exposed to Sanskrit literature and knowledge-systems in translation. This will expand the student’s horizon beyond the confines of modern languages.

Given the divisiveness of our times, the teaching of Sanskrit will undoubtedly involve numerous controversies. The two most obvious points of contention are the content of the syllabus and the socio-political history of Sanskrit. One can mitigate the first difficulty by insisting on a curriculum grounded in the reading of original Sanskrit texts rather than secondary scholarship. Instead of presenting students with a particular narrative of Indian history, students should be allowed to develop their own understanding of the past through a careful reading of Sanskrit texts. With regard to the alleged discriminatory and elitist nature of Sanskrit, NEP 2020 constitutes a wonderful anti-dote. If successfully implemented, NEP 2020 will open up the study of Sanskrit to interested students from all religions, castes, races, and cultures. It is imperative that students from diverse social backgrounds are made to feel welcome in the modern Sanskrit classroom.

As far as Sanskrit pedagogy is concerned, the need of the hour is qualified teachers who can make language learning enjoyable. Too often, learning Sanskrit involves drowning in a sea of meaningless paradigms to be memorised. This approach ends up detracting students who would have otherwise enjoyed reading Sanskrit texts. Like other Indian languages, Sanskrit should be taught using a combination of everyday conversation and textual study. Crucially, teachers should treat Sanskrit as a language of daily life rather than as a dead language of ancient manuscripts. Such an approach will make students internalise and cherish Sanskrit instead of merely treating it as a scoring subject to achieve better grades. And, hopefully, this study of Sanskrit will create modern Indians who feel proud of their heritage and strive to live up to its demanding ethical ideals:

manasi vacasi kāye puṇyapīyūṣapūrṇās tribhuvanam upakāraśreṇibhiḥ prīṇayantaḥ| paraguṇaparamāṇūn parvatīkṛtya nityaṃ nijahṛdi vikasantaḥ santi santaḥ kiyantaḥ|| (Bhartṛharı̍'s Śatakatraya verse 1.79)   Filled with pure nectar in mind, speech, and body, Pleasing creatures in all three worlds by continuously helping them, Transforming another’s atom-like good quality into a mountain, Always blossoming in their own hearts, How many such good people are there?

Bibliography

“Bhartṛharı̍'s Śatakatraya.” Göttingen Register of Electronic Texts in Indian Languages (GRETIL), http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/5_poetry/5_subhas/bh... .

“Household Social Consumption on Education in India.” National Statistical Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India, July 2017-June 2018. http:// www.mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/ Report_585_75th_round_Education_final_1507_0.pdf.

Jones, Sir William. Discourses delivered before the Asiatic Society: and miscellaneous papers, on the religion, poetry, literature, etc., of the nations of India. Printed for C. S. Arnold: 1824. “Kālidāsa’s Meghadūta.” Göttingen Register of Electronic Texts in Indian Languages (GRETIL), http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/5_poetry/2_kavya/meg... .

Plofker, Kim. Mathematics in India. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. Page of 4 5 Mumford, David. “Mathematics in India: Reviewed by David Mumford,” Notices of the American Mathematical Society vol. 57, no. 3 (2010): 385-390.

“National Education Policy 1986.” Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_docume... .

“National Education Policy 2020.” Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NEP_Final_Eng... .

“2011 Census.” Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, 2011. https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html .

Suggested Citation:  Shree Nahata. 2021. 'The Importance of Sanskrit in Indian Education', Think Pieces Series No. 16. Education.SouthAsia ( https://educationsouthasia.web.ox.ac.uk/ ). 

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